Caraka-Samhita, traditionally ascribed to sage Charaka (who redacted Agnivesha’s earlier work) and likely compiled around the 1st–2nd century CE, is a foundational Ayurvedic treatise on internal medicine (kaya-chikitsa). It weaves clinical insight—diagnosis, pathology, pharmacology and dietetics—around core principles like the tridosha (vāta, pitta, kapha), agni (digestion/metabolism) and individualized therapeutics. The text offers ethical guidance for physicians, preventive regimens, and extensive herbal formulations, blending practical case instruction with philosophical depth. Today Caraka’s stress on balance, lifestyle, personalized care and mind–body unity continues to influence integrative medicine, preventive health, and contemporary research into herbal therapeutics and holistic well-being.